Medicine Guide

Today, medicine has progressed to the point where we can diagnose and treat most diseases at a high level of accuracy. Unfortunately, not every disease can be identified. In addition, some diseases are so rare that their symptoms are not widely known. With so many different types of diseases, it can be difficult for even a trained physician to know what exactly is going on with you. This section covers the various types of medicine and how they work to alleviate pain and help the body heal after an illness or injury.

What is Medicine?

Medicine is the use of a special kind of compound to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or other medical condition. There are many different types of medicines, but they all fall under one of the following categories:

• Drugs: Substances that are ingested or injected into the body to produce a desired therapeutic effect.
• Vaccines: Inoculations containing weak or dead pathogens that stimulate an immune response in the body so that it can fight future infections.
• Gene Therapy: Synthetic nucleic acids are used to alter the expression of genes within the body.
• Medical Devices: Tools that are implanted or used externally to diagnose or treat a disease or condition, such as an artificial heart or cochlear implants.

How Does Medicine Work?

Most medicines are designed to treat a specific illness, such as a bacterial infection or an autoimmune disorder. There are, however, a few types of drugs that can treat a wide range of illnesses. These are antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics.

• Antibiotics treat common bacterial illnesses such as strep throat, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.
• Anticonvulsants treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, but they are also effective against migraines and cluster headaches.
• Antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
• Analgesics are used primarily to treat chronic pain.

Types of Drugs

• Analgesics: Drugs that reduce pain.
• Anesthetics: Reduce awareness during medical procedures.
• Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Reduce swelling and redness caused by inflammation.
• Antibiotics: Kill bacteria that cause infections.
• Anticonvulsants: Reduce seizures and mood disorders.
• Antidepressants: Decrease feelings of sadness or anxiety.
• Antimigraine Drugs: Reduce migraine headaches.
• Antipsychotics: Treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.
• Immunosuppressants: Reduce the body’s immune response.
• Insulin: Reduces blood sugar levels in diabetics.
• Vaccines: Trigger the body’s immune system to fight disease.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Provide essential nutrients.
• Hormones: Regulate bodily processes such as menstruation and mood.

Vaccines

Vaccines are a special type of medicine that uses a dead or weakened pathogen (such as the flu virus or the bacteria that causes tuberculosis) to train the body to fight that pathogen. The body produces antibodies to fight the “invading” pathogen and, in the process, becomes immune to that particular pathogen. Vaccines are used for diseases that are too dangerous to treat with antibiotics. They are also used in situations where someone has a compromised immune system (such as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy).

Other Illnesses that Require Medication

• Acne: A skin condition caused by an excess of testosterone. Anti-androgens are the most common treatment.
• Anxiety: Feelings of constant worry and nervousness. Benzodiazepines are the most common treatment.
• Autism: A developmental disorder that impairs communication and social interactions. Antipsychotics and antidepressants are the most common treatments.
• Bipolar Disorder: Temporary manic or depressive mood swings. Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics are the most common treatment.
• Depression: Feelings of sadness that are more severe than the feelings felt after a sad event. Antidepressants are the most common treatment.
• Epilepsy: Seizures due to abnormal electrical impulses in the brain. Anticonvulsants are the most common treatment.
• – Migraines: Headaches that are accompanied by sensitivity to light and nausea. Anti-migraine drugs are the most common treatment.
• Obesity: Excessive weight caused by an unhealthy diet. Weight-loss drugs, eating-disorder drugs, and diet pills are the most common treatment.
• Schizophrenia: An inability to separate reality from delusion. Antipsychotics are the most common treatment.

Bottom line

The field of medicine is constantly evolving and developing new ways of treating diseases and keeping people healthy. With the ever-changing landscape of medical advancements, it is important to keep up to date with new research. Knowledge is power, and understanding how medicine works is your key to feeling better and living healthier. Keep reading and researching, and you’ll know more about how your body works and what makes it tick. This knowledge will help you make better decisions when it comes to managing your health and seeking treatment when you need it.

The practice of medicine dates back to ancient times. Societies around the world have used natural remedies and other methods to treat disease, illness, and injury. Despite the modern advancements in medical technology and procedures, the history of medicine remains rich with discoveries and inventions that have had a lasting impact on healthcare as we know it today. This brief overview of the history of medicine will take you through some key points in this extensive subject.

Ancient Times

Ancient civilizations, such as the Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, had their own medical practices that evolved over time. The earliest medical writings date back to about 3000 BC. Historians believe that the development of civilization was linked to the practice of medicine. The earliest medical systems often recognized the importance of natural remedies, diet, and health and hygiene practices. Some of these ancient civilizations developed complex medical theories, while others placed more importance on spiritual practices and incantations.

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages were a time of significant change in the practice of medicine. During this period, the Catholic Church played a major role in regulating the practice of medicine. Historians also note that the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the first modern hospitals, which were set up to treat the sick and injured who were expelled from cities during periods of plague. The Medieval world saw the rise of the first universities, which were responsible for training the first physicians. In this period, the first anatomy schools were established, and the first attempts were made to compile medical knowledge. In the Middle Ages, a significant shift from natural to supernatural methods of healing occurred. The Catholic Church played a significant role in shaping medical practices and standards.

Renaissance to Enlightenment

During the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, significant progress was made in the fields of anatomy, disease pathology, and medical research. The development of new medical technologies and practices, such as the invention of the microscope, bloodletting, and the discovery of smallpox and other infectious diseases, helped to shape the medical landscape of the time. These developments laid the foundation for the modern science of medicine. The first modern attempts to organize and standardize medical education and practice, as well as to introduce new medical institutions, were made during this period.

20th Century and Beyond

The 20th century was marked by dramatic changes in the practice and organization of medicine. Medical practices were standardized and made more accessible, with the introduction and growing adoption of new technologies and procedures, such as the use of X-rays, anaesthesia, and the discovery of antibiotics. The organization of medicine was formalized with the establishment of new systems of medical education and practice. Major changes in the structure of health systems, such as the introduction of universal health coverage, also took place during this period. Modern medical practices are increasingly focused on preventing disease and promoting healthy lifestyles and habits.

Medical Innovations Through Time

The history of medicine is replete with examples of innovations that have transformed the practice of medicine and had an impact on the health and well-being of people around the world. Some of the most significant medical innovations include advancements in the following areas: – Ancient: The invention of the first craniotomy to remove a depressed skull fragment to let the brain swell and ease pressure and the use of cupping therapy. – Medieval: The development of the modern universities, the invention of the first surgical gloves and the discovery of smallpox and syphilis. – Renaissance: The creation of the first public health service and the invention of the first incubator. – Enlightenment: The development of the first anti-toxin and vaccination against smallpox.

Bottom line

The history of medicine spans a vast time period and covers a variety of cultures and societies. It is therefore important to consider the specific practices and developments within each of these societies when discussing the history of medicine. The history of medicine is also marked by a number of important milestones and developments, making it a fascinating subject to study. The invention of new technologies and the discovery of important diseases and conditions have had a significant impact on the practice of medicine over time. By gaining a better understanding of the history of medicine, you will also increase your knowledge of the current state of medical practices and make more informed decisions about your own health and well-being. It is important to keep in mind that even with modern advancements, the majority of people around the world still experience significant barriers to accessing quality healthcare.

Medicine has come a very long way in just the last few hundred years. From primitive practices and theories to modern, evidence-based medicine, the field of science has grown immensely. Modern medicine is constantly evolving and new discoveries are being made every day. Check out this section for a look at 10 of the most important medical breakthroughs that shaped the world…

Major Diseases & Conditions Discovered or Treatments Developed

Disease is one of the most dangerous threats that can affect people all over the world. There are many types, some of which have no cure and have killed many throughout history. Some of these diseases have been discovered, treated, and are now preventable. As the world continues to advance and new treatment options are created, we are able to prevent more and more diseases, helping save countless lives.

• Polio – Polio is a bacterial infection that targets the central nervous system. It spreads through contact with infected individuals’ bodily fluids and causes weakness in the muscles, paralysis, and in extreme cases, death. In the early 20th century, it spread throughout many parts of the world. In 1952, the Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization conducted a massive vaccination campaign against the disease. In 1988, the disease was globally eradicated, making the vaccination a permanent necessity. Unfortunately, the disease continues to affect people in certain parts of the world, and efforts are being made to eliminate it completely once again.
• Malaria – Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitos. The disease is prevalent in tropical regions and has killed millions throughout history. In the 20th century, scientists began working on creating a preventative vaccination. In the 1940s, they were finally able to create one that was effective. The WHO estimates that the vaccination has saved approximately 5 million lives.
• HIV/AIDS – The Human Immunodeficiency Virus spreads through bodily fluids and attacks the human immune system, forcing the body to produce more antibodies. The excessive antibody production leads to damage in the immune system, weakening the body’s ability to fight off disease. It is incurable, and in the 1980s, it became a global pandemic. In the 1990s, scientists discovered an effective treatment for the virus. Since then, more treatments have been developed, and the disease can now be managed. In many areas of the world, HIV/AIDS is no longer a death sentence.

Vaccines & Immunization

Vaccines are available against many infectious diseases, including those that have killed millions of people throughout history. Diseases like polio, malaria, and HIV/AIDS can be prevented through vaccination. Early in the 20th century, scientist began creating vaccines. In the 1980s, they created the HIV/AIDS vaccine, which has proven to be unsuccessful. Scientists continue to work on a vaccine that can provide lifelong immunity. Another major breakthrough in the field of immunization has been the development of combination vaccines. Although single vaccines are effective, in the early 21st century it was recognized that several diseases could be prevented by a single injection. Today, many vaccines are given as single injections rather than multiple doses.

Advancements in Surgery

Early surgical procedures were often crude, life-threatening experiences. As knowledge in the field grows and the tools and techniques used by surgeons become more sophisticated, surgery has become a less dangerous procedure. Advances in anesthesiology, antiseptics, and other fields of medicine have also helped improve surgical outcomes. Some of the most important advancements in surgery include:

• The invention of the microscope: The microscope has helped surgeons improve visualization of their work by magnifying tissue.
• The discovery of bacteria: As scientists discovered bacteria and other microbes, surgeons began washing their hands and sterilizing their equipment to prevent infection from post-operative contamination.
• The discovery of anesthesia: Robust anesthesia options have helped surgeons control pain during procedures. Anesthesia has also allowed for more complex surgeries with less post-operative discomfort.
• The invention of the surgical elevator: This instrument has helped surgeons lift tissues away from organs, nerves, and blood vessels.

Newborn Care and Pediatrics

Newborn care has changed dramatically over the years. In the early 20th century, babies were kept in incubators. They were taken out and cleaned only every few days. This was not very effective, and many babies died. In the 1970s, a new standard of care was implemented. Babies were kept in an environment that simulated the conditions inside the mother’s womb. They were kept indoors, away from bright lights, and on their backs. This allowed them to be kept warm without the need for an incubator.

• The invention of the iron lung: Children born with cystic fibrosis were often kept alive using iron lungs. This was an important step in treating this deadly disease.
• The invention of the vaccination: The vaccine against measles was discovered in the early 20th century. This vaccine has saved countless lives.
• The discovery of antibiotics: Antibiotics have helped control infections, which have been a common problem in children.

Bottom line

The world has come a long way in terms of medical science. From primitive practices to modern evidence-based medicine, the field of science has grown immensely. Modern medicine is constantly evolving and new discoveries are being made every day. There is still room for improvement, and there are many breakthroughs that are yet to be discovered.

Reading your prescription can be challenging, especially if you don’t know much about the field of ophthalmology and how it relates to your vision. Prescriptions are filled with technical terms and abbreviations that might seem foreign to you. When you visit an eye doctor for the first time, reading and understanding your prescription is not always easy. You may feel intimidated by the amount of information written in small text on the page. However, learning about how to read your prescription will help you in future visits to your eye doctor. Readers also need specific knowledge when it comes to medical terminology because most people are not used to seeing words like “hyperopia” in their everyday lives, let alone being able to understand what they mean.

What is a Prescription?

A prescription is a written order for an eye care professional to make corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses. The doctor will write down the specific powers that you need based on your diagnosis and visual exam. The information will usually be written on a standard eye exam chart. You will need to know your prescription to purchase the correct pair of glasses. The first part of a typical prescription is the sphere correction, which is the refractive power of the lenses needed to correct your vision. The second part is the cylinder correction, which corrects for astigmatism. The third part is the axis, which relates to the orientation of the cornea and how the prescription is applied to it.

How to Read Your Prescription

Reading and understanding your prescription is the first step to buying the right pair of glasses. If you don’t understand what the doctor wrote down, you won’t know what to ask for when you get to the store and will likely end up with the wrong pair. Here are some tips that will help you to understand your prescription and make sure you get the right pair of glasses. – Make sure you ask for your “sphere and cylinder” prescription. Some people only ask for their sphere, assuming that the cylinder is the same. However, they are different numbers and you’ll end up with the wrong pair of glasses if you only ask for the sphere. – If you want to be sure to get the correct number, write down the prescription on a piece of paper. – Find out how your prescription is measured. Is it in millimeters or diopters? Is the axis written as horizontal or vertical? Knowing this will help you to make sure you get the right pair of glasses.

Fractions and Decimals

One of the first things you will notice when reading your prescription is that there are fractions and decimals. The first number is always the sphere correction in diopters. The second number is the cylinder correction in diopters. The third number is the axis. – The first number is the correction power in diopters. Diopters are a unit of measurement used in ophthalmology. A diopter is a unit of refractive power. In other words, diopters measure how strongly light is bent as it passes through a lens. The higher the number, the more the light is bent.

Axis Finders

You probably don’t know anything about the axis on your prescription. It seems random and doesn’t seem to relate to your vision. However, it is a very important part of your prescription. It is important because it shows you how your prescription is applied to your cornea. – An axis finder can help you to find the axis on your prescription. You can find them online or in some eyeglass stores. – Use the axis finder to determine which line of your prescription is the axis. – The axis is the line that is slanted either towards or away from you. You can find out if it is vertical or horizontal by seeing if the numbers are slanted up or down.

Converting to Millimeters: DA and AD

You may notice that one part of your prescription is written in millimeters and another part is written in diopters. You may wonder how you can convert from one to the other. – Converting from diopters to millimeters is fairly simple. Each diopter is equal to 2.54 centimeters (cm). – Converting from millimeters to diopters is a little more difficult. Each millimeter is equivalent to 0.01 diopter. – To convert from diopters to millimeters, simply divide the diopter number by 2.54. – To convert from millimeters to diopters, multiply the millimeter number by 0.01 diopter.

Confirming the Rx: HD and CD

You’ve made sure that the prescription written on your eye chart matches the one written on your eye exam card. You are also certain that you have converted the numbers correctly. However, you still aren’t sure if the numbers are correct. You notice that one part of the prescription is written in HD and another part is written in CD. – HD stands for “horizontal diopter” and CD stands for “vertical diopter.” – The horizontal diopter is the diopter reading for the sphere correction in your left eye. – The vertical diopter is the diopter reading for the cylinder correction in your left eye.

Bottom line

Reading your prescription can be challenging, especially if you don’t know much about the field of ophthalmology and how it relates to your vision. Prescriptions are filled with technical terms and abbreviations that might seem foreign to you. If you are not sure what any of the acronyms written on your prescription mean, ask your eye doctor. – Always write down your prescription and keep it in a safe place. – Make sure you ask for your “sphere and cylinder” prescription. Some people only ask for their sphere, assuming that the cylinder is the same. This is incorrect, however, and you’ll end up with the wrong pair of glasses if you only ask for the sphere. – If you want to be sure to get the correct number, you can take a picture of the prescription with your phone.